Randall Munroe of xkcd fame did a survey where approximately 140k people named a set of colors taken through the typical colorspace. This resulted in names for 954 colors, and the results are here. It has your typical color names (red, blue, mint green, etc.) but then also some great gems like this one:

There are packages for multiple programming languages (Python/matplotlib, R, LaTeX) that implement these color names. I could not find one for C++, so I made one myself, available on GitHub.